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עמוד:*85
85 * individual differences discussed in relation to human attachment figures are seen in regard to God . Whereas attachment - secure believers tend to perceive God as a supportive and responsive figure and hold a sense of security with regard to God - those possessing an insecure attachment orientation in interpersonal relationships have difficulties in perceiving God as a benevolent, loving, and kind figure and tend to hold attachment - related worries and concerns with regard to God ( Granqvist & Kirkpatrick, 2013 ) . In addition, people differing in attachment orientations in human - human relationship tend to adopt different attitudes and motivational orientations toward religion and spirituality Granqvist & Kirkpatrick, 2013 ) . Whereas the spirituality of securely attached individuals is ( derived from curiosity, growth - oriented, and exploration motives, attachment - insecure people’s spirituality tends to represent a defensive effort to repair attachment injuries or avoid dealing with frustration and pain in human - human relationships . Granqvist and Kirkpatrick ( 2013 ) proposed the compensation hypothesis, according to which attachment - insecurely individuals use religion and spirituality as compensation for painful attachment experiences with human figures by directing their unmet attachment needs to non - human figures, such as God or other spiritual figures . In this context, we explore the possibility that the spiritual experience itself, and more specifically the experience of oneness with the universe, might be able to fulfill insecure people's unmet needs for a secure base . Oneness Experiences and Oneness Beliefs Oneness experience has been beautifully described as the experience of "listening to a piece of music, feeling awestruck by the magnificence of nature, experiencing the rapture and ecstasy of romantic and sexual love, and achieving spiritual union with a higher being" ( Chirban, 2000, p . These experiences are frequently described by artists, athletes, and meditation . ) 246 practitioners, and are understood as contributing to well - being and mental health ( Edinger - Schons, 2020 ) . Experiences of oneness may also constitute a key mechanism by which meditation contributes to well - being, and is highly beneficial for people experiencing heightened anxiety and depression ( Van Lente & Hogan, 2020 ) . The sense of oneness can be more profound than a single situational experience and can be held as a philosophy of life . Garfield et al . ( 2014 ) defined the sense of oneness as "a belief in
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אדמוני, אריאל
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