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עמוד:*82
82 * potential sources of support ( Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016 ) . Furthermore, groups, institutions, and symbolic figures ( e . g . , God, the Buddha ) can function as attachment figures . They form what Bowlby ( 1982 ) called a person’s hierarchy of attachment figures . The availability of a caring and responsive attachment figure to one's proximity - seeking bids in times of need is considered to facilitate the development of positive mental representations of the self as worthy and competent, and of others as kind of benevolent ( what Bowlby, 1973 called internal working models ) . Also, it fosters the consolidation of a sense of attachment security - positive beliefs that the world is a safe place and that others are helpful when called upon ( Bowlby, 1973 ) . In contrast, interactions with rejecting attachment figures undermine the formation of a sense of security, promote doubts about one's worth and others' goodwill, and lead to the adoption of what Cassidy and Kobak ( 1988 ) called ' secondary attachment strategies' . Cassidy and Kobak ( 1988 ) proposed two insecure attachment strategies involving efforts to play down ( dismissing ) or amplify ( preoccupied ) the expression of distress and attachment needs . Whereas a dismissing state of mind is associated with deactivation of the attachment system and is manifested in attachment - need suppression and compulsive self - reliance, a preoccupied state of mind is associated with hyperactivation of the attachment system and is manifested in anxious and urgent efforts to keep others close or entangled . To date, it is well agreed that individual variations in these strategies are manifested in a person's orientation within close relationships ( attachment orientations ) , which seems to be organized along two roughly orthogonal dimensions of attachment anxiety and avoidance Brennan et al . , 1998 ) . The attachment anxiety dimension indicates the degree to which a person ( worries that relationship partners will not be supportive when needed, and engages in intensive and coercive attempts to get others' attention and care ( attachment hyperactivation ) . The attachment avoidance dimension indicates the degree to which a person distrusts others' intentions and defensively maintains emotional distance and independence ( attachment deactivation ) . People who score low on these dimensions are generally characterized by a secure attachment, and tend to use constructive and effective affect - regulation strategies Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016 ) . (
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אדמוני, אריאל
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