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עמוד:*72
* 72 probably due to disagreement over the traumatic past of German ethnic removal from Czech territory . 18 Cultural wars over the past took place in the U . S . regarding cases over race relations, gender issues and the plight of the indigenous people . Obviously, since the 1960 s, American historians transformed the whole discipline in the academia, and American educators revolutionized School Pedagogy . The social, national, and cultural changes also affected the formal and informal field of history education in the U . S . Nevertheless, when these transformations developed into reform programs such as the decrease of Western Civilization courses in the 1980 s and the National History Standard project or the Enola Gay exhibit in the 1990 s, they generated massive opposition . Various groups in American society refused to endorse critical historical perspective, especially those that questioned and even tarnished the patriotic, national, victorious - victims image of past heroes . It resulted in some backlash from conservative elements in politics, business and media . They effectively utilized populist rhetoric to mobilized ordinary people in resistance toward trends that allegedly transformed the glorious American past into a "bad and sad story" . 19 In the region of East Asia, Japan, South Korea and China have diplomatic relationship, economic cooperation and many other forms of mutual collaboration . Yet, their attitude toward their recent traumatic past is still full of haunting memories and hostile feelings . Japan, in particular, as a new democratic and peaceful country, is expected to acknowledge its crimes during World War II . It seems that topics such as the Nanking Massacre or the "comfort women" ( using Korean and Chinese woman as sex slaves for the Japanese Imperial Army ) are particular issues that still waiting for a and Post - Conflict Reconciliation , pp . 90 - 119 ; Klaus Zernack, After the Wende : The German - Polish Textbook Project in Retrospect . Retrieved from : http : / / www . gei . de / fileadmin / bilder / pdf / Projekte / After_the_Wende . pdf “German - Czech Textbook Commission” . Retrieved from : 18 http : / / www . gei . de / en / departments / knowledge - in - transition / german - czech - textbook - commission . html Lynne Cheney, “The End of History”, Wall Street Journal ( 20 October 1994 ) ; Gary B . Nash, 19 Charlotte A . Crabtree, and Ross E . Dunn ( eds . ) , Historyon Trial : Culture Warsand the Teaching of the Past ( New York : Vintage Books, 2000 ) ; Edward T . Linenthal, “Anatomy of Controversy”, in Edward T . Linenthal and Tom Engelhardt ( eds . ) , History Wars : The Enola Gay and other Battles for the American Past ( New York : Henry Holt, 1996 ) , pp . 9 - 62 ; Peter Stearns, “History Debates : The United States”, in Nakou and Barca ( eds . ) , ContemporaryPublicDebates over History Education, pp . 47 - 60 ; Diane Ravitch, The Language Police : How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn ( New York : Vintage Books, 2004 ) , pp . 133 - 156 .
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אדמוני, אריאל
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