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ABSTRACTS ix Equality before Calamity Strikes ? Zalman Aran and the Struggle for Educational Reform, 1963 - 1969 Amir Aizenman In the 1960 s, Zalman Aran was among the leading members of the labor movement . He identified the need to address social inequality as an urgent task that could no longer be postponed . His efforts, along with those of his compatriots, to expand the right to secondary education and to promote integration reflected a political agenda seeking to narrow social gaps . This aligned with the broader shift in Israel’s welfare policy at the end of the decade . The article analyzes this shift in secondary education, shaped in those years by a series of policy decisions, ad hoc committees, and Knesset laws, which established the junior high school system in Israel as part of a broader structural reform . The article explains how the new structure reflected an expansion of the universal right to education, embodying the educational dimension of Israel’s welfare state at ...  אל הספר