77 | PART THREE : READING STRATEGIES IN CONTEXT Chamot, 1990 : 40 ) , or "using the first language as a base to understand ( … ) the second language" ( Wenden & Rubin, 1987 : 77 ) , or more elaborately as "converting a target language expression into the native language ( at various levels, from words and phrases all the way up to whole texts ) " Oxford, 1989 : 46 ) . 64 ( Translating was used by the subjects in my studies and my students' studies, with their highest relative frequencies : For example, in studies graders ( Bezal'el, 2005 ; Friedman, 2011 ; and Jafari, , and 10 th , 8 th of 7 th respectively ) ‒ an average of 38 % , 37 % , and 32 % , that is, about 2011, one - third of the total occurrences of their strategy use . However, these frequencies do not represent the whole picture, since they do not include the success rate of the use of the strategy by different subjects, or the interactions between this strategy and others . For example, in the study of one subject used tra...
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