11 | INTRODUCTION any EAP‒ English for Academic Purposes, reading courses in the first year of their academic studies ( Avi Allalouf personal communication, March 26, 2020 ) . Reading difficulties are often the result of a lack of adequate language proficiency ( Bernhardt, 2011 ) and a lack of reading strategies, particularly required for significant learningthe higher - order, metacognitive strategies 3 Segev Miller, 2004 a, 2014, 2016 ) and for successful socialization ( Brown ( Campione, 1996 ) . The definition of reading, or rather reading literacy , & provided by PISA ( OECD, 2006 : 46 ) further elaborates on its implications for the reader : Reading literacy is understanding, using and reflecting on written texts, in order to achieve one's goals, to develop one's knowledge and potential and to participate in society ( … ) . 4 It spells out the idea that literacy enables the fulfillment of individual aspirations ‒ from defined aspirations such as gaining an educational qualificati...
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